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Colloidal gold is a certain-size gold particle synthesized by gold ion reduction and polymerization of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) under the action of reducing agents such as white phosphorus, ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, tannic acid, and so on. Due to electrostatic action, gold particles repel each other and suspend into a stable colloidal state, forming a negatively…

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Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the most actively investigated gene therapy vehicles. It was initially discovered as a contaminant of adenovirus preparations, hence its name. Simply put, AAV is a protein shell surrounding and protecting a small, single-stranded DNA genome of approximately 4.8 kilobases (kb). AAV belongs to the parvovirus family and is dependent…

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Rhinovirus, member of the genus Enterovirus family Picornaviridae, is a positive-sense, single-stranded-RNA (ssRNA) virus of approximately 7.2 kb. Currently, more than 160 sero-/genotypes have been described and classified into three species, RV-A, RV-B and RV-C. Sequencing and serologic methods have defined approximately 83 HRV-A types, 32 HRV-B types, and 55 HRV-C types with potentially as many as 150…

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